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Quantitative Methods Coursera Quiz Answers
Week- 1
Origins
1. Which example fits best with the concept of systematic observation?
- Observing every fourth person to enter the mall
- Observing everything you do in one day
- Asking every fourth person to enter the mall about their favorite sport and recording this.
2. A hypothesis must be:
- testable
- observed
- proven correct
3. What is the primary difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
- A theory describes a pattern and a scientific law explains why something happens
- A theory explains why something happens and a law describes a pattern
- A theory does not necessarily have a large body of supporting data
4. In contrast to Plato, Aristotle asserts that:
- sensory experience is prone to errors
- only knowledge obtained through reasoning can lead to the truth
- the physical world around us does provide knowledge
5. All swans that have been observed are white colored swans. Therefore one can conclude that all swans are white.
- This is an argument based on a false premise
- This is a form of inductive reasoning
- This is a form of deductive reasoning
6. According to logical positivism, the sentence “God exists” is meaningful only if:
1 point
- the sentence has meaning for the person who utters it
- it is true by definition or can be verified through observation
- it is believed to be true, even if we don’t know which observations can be used for verification
7. A student wants to do a research project on a mother’s love for her child. How would a radical empiricist react to this idea?
- He or she would advise the student to develop a theory of love specific to this phenomena, i.e. the love of a mother for her child
- A mother’s love for her child can only be understood by a fellow mother and therefore this project should not be undertaken by someone who hasn’t yet started a family
- A mother’s love for her child cannot be subject to scientific analysis unless it can be shown to have a material, physical basis (e.g. brain activity associated with love)
8. The position that abstract concepts are merely words and that there is no independently accessible thing constituting the meaning of a word is known as
- nominalism
- idealism
- realism
9. Which of these statements is true?
- Positivists and interpretivists agree that science is empirical (studies produce data)
- Constructivism and interpretivism are linked with qualitative data
- both are true
10. If you prepared a study on the effects of text-messaging rather than talking on the phone on the quality of friendships, you would be conducting
- fundamental and universalistic research
- fundamental and particularistic research
- applied research
Week- 2
Scientific Method
1. If in the testing phase our predictions are confirmed by the data, does this mean we have definitively proven the hypothesis?
- No
- Yes
- It depends
2. If the data support our predictions, this leads us to conclude that
- We need to develop new predictions that can be disconfirmed
- Our predictions are confirmed, but we cannot say anything about the hypothesis
- The hypothesis is provisionally supported
3. Heavey, Russell and Noelle (2012, p. 763) stated that: “How you feel may influence your facial expression, may be influenced by your facial expression, may be otherwise related to your facial expression, or none of the above, so a scientist’s observation of your facial expression (a third-person act) cannot be substituted for your own direct apprehension of your feelings (a first-person act)”. Here, the authors doubt the
- Construct validity of studies using facial expressions
- External validity of studies using facial expressions
- Internal validity of studies using facial expressions
4. By combining data from various publicly available sources Harvard Law School student Tyler Vigen has found out that there’s a correlation between the number of movies Nicolas Cage appears in each year and the number of people who drown in their swimming-pools. The MOST logical conclusion is that
- Correlation doesn’t imply causation
- No causal inference can be made from observational data
- Less people will drown in their swimming pool once Cage retires
5. Suppose a researcher hypothesizes a causal relationship between breastfeeding and children’s health at age 4 years exists and investigates this hypothesis by measuring health characteristics of a group of four year olds and by asking their mothers whether the child was breastfed or not. Suppose a relation is indeed found. The most obvious threat to internal validity in this situation is:
- Selection effect
- Maturation effect
- Selection by maturation effect
6. Testing effects due to practice/learning from exposure to repeated testing can be eliminated by
- Randomization
- Including groups that are exposed to a pre-test and groups that aren’t
- Using tests with high construct validity
7. In a famous study by psychologist John Bargh subjects had to create a sentence from scrambled words. When these words related to being old, participants walked more slowly when they left the laboratory. In a recent replication study, Doyen, Klein, Pichon and Cleeremans (2012) found that participants walked more slowly only when they were tested by experimenters who expected this effect. This seems to point to
- The impact of demand characteristics
- An experimenter expectancy effect
- The need to misguide participants
8. A researcher is interested in the effect of the perceived freedom of speech on social cohesion in small communities. She investigates small communities in China – which has a low perceived freedom of speech – and Malaysia – which has a relatively high perceived freedom of speech. The study runs for ten years. The study started two years before China relaxed its policy of restricting couples to have only one child. This policy change represents a
- History threat to internal validity
- Mortality threat to internal validity
- Temporal ambiguity threat to internal validity
9. Willingness to take risks is assumed to be an important component of entrepreneurship. We hypothesize that willingness to take risks causes people to start and run a business. Here,
- Willingness to take risks is the dependent variable
- Entrepeneurship is the dependent variable
- Willingness to take risks is the outcome variable
10. Suppose an observational study indicates a positive relation between weekly ice cream consumption and murder rates. Which of the following are possible lurking variables?
- Weapon possession and population size
- Season of the year and heat waves
- Neither of the two options
Peer-graded Assignment: Scientific Method – Writing Assignment (Creative)
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Scientific Method – Writing Assignment (Creative) |
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Week- 3
Research Designs
1. The main advantage of randomized controlled trials (RCT) is that
- they provide the best support for causality
- treatments can be compared against each other and a control group
- they are rigorous and objective
2. A researcher presents both male and female managers from several companies with application materials (CV and application letter) from a student applying for a job opening. Half the managers were given the application with a male name attached, and half were given the exact same application with a female name attached. Results showed that managers were less likely to offer the female applicant a job (gender bias). This corresponds to
- an interaction effect between the applicant’s and the manager’s gender
- a main effect of the manager’s gender
- a main effect of the applicant’s gender
3. Which of the following illustrates the use of a within-subjects design?
- One group of students is given a compliment before an exam and a second group is criticized before taking the exam.
- Students of three different age levels are given the same test.
- Students take two comparable tests. They take the first without preparation; before the second test they meditate for ten minutes.
4. An educational psychologist examined whether students will perform best if online education is combined with classroom learning. Students were randomly assigned to three conditions. In this study, these three conditions would be
- online education, classroom learning and a combination of both
- student grades, experimental condition and course content
- online education, classroom learning and highly motivated vs. poorly motivated students
5. Those in favor of field experiments argue that this type of research is perhaps less tightly controlled, but that more realism implies greater relevance. They also question the generalizability of laboratory experiments. This critique can be summarized as
- doubt on the internal validity of laboratory experiments
- concerns about self-selection of participants into lab experiments
- doubt on the ecological validity of laboratory experiments
6. A researcher notices that highly educated participants are more likely to refuse an unpleasant experimental treatment after being randomly assigned to the treatment condition. Therefore, he is concerned about the comparability of the treatment and control group. In this case, the researcher should BEST
- rerun the study with some form of restricted randomization
- do a randomization check
- stop worrying because randomization never fails
7. Which of the following designs allows the researcher to compare the size of the increase or decrease in scores in the experimental and control condition?
- a simple within subjects design
- the two-group pre-test/post-test design
- the two-group post-test only randomized experiment
8. If participants are not measured twice (e.g. only a post-test)
- testing (sensitization) is not an issue
- regression to the mean and testing (reactivity) are not issues
- regression to the mean is not an issue
9. Cameron, Erkal, Gangadharan, and Meng (2013) studied the causal relationship between growing up without siblings and altruism by comparing a group of participants born just before and just after the introduction of China’s One-Child Policy in 1979. This is an example of
- a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
- a ‘natural’ experiment
- an experimental study
10. A cohort design is a panel study
- where the same individuals respond to a survey at several points in time
- where the same individuals are interviewed at several points in time
- where a group of individuals with a common characteristic are followed up longitudinally
11. Mincome was an experimental Canadian basic income project that was held in Dauphin, Manitoba during the 1970s. The project allowed every family in this town to receive a minimum cash benefit, thereby essentially eliminating poverty. Forget (2013) has evaluated the long-term effect of this guaranteed income program on people’s health (hospitalization rates) by comparing residents from Dauphin with a matched comparison group of residents from similar areas. This study can be characterized as
- a summative evaluation study with a quasi-experimental design
- a formative evaluation study with a quasi-experimental design
- a summative evaluation study with an experimental design
Peer-graded Assignment: Research Designs – Writing Assignment (Evaluative)
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Research Designs – Writing Assignment (Evaluative) |
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Week- 4
Measurement
1. Operationalization refers to
- an attribute, characteristic, or behavior that is in principle measurable
- the specification of an abstract concept into a measurement procedure
- any observation that can take different values
2. Measurement is
- the way in which variables are categorized
- the numerical representation of empirical relations
- assigning numbers
3. A researcher asks people to name their favorite music genre (rock, rap, etc…). This question measures music genre preference at
- the interval level
- the ordinal level
- the nominal level
4. Markowitz and Hancock (2014) compared publications of the social psychologist Diederik Stapel in which proof of fraud was established to articles by the same author which showed no evidence of fraud. One of the things these researchers did was to count the number of words related to emotional actions, states and processes in the two types of publications. Such a word frequency variable is
1 point
- a continuous ratio variable
- a discrete ratio variable
- a categorical variable
5. I. measures of the same trait using different methods show agreement
II. different traits assessed by the same method do not agree
- I indicates convergent validity, II indicates discriminant validity
- I indicates convergent validity, II indicates criterion validity
- I indicates discriminant validity, II indicates convergent validity
6. The degree of agreement between raters when using a particular rating instrument is called
- intra-observer consistency
- rater reliability
- inter-rater reliability
7. “38% of the managers would not hire a mother for any role in their organization”. This statement MOST likely implies that a sample of managers has
- filled out a questionnaire on their attitudes towards working mums
- filled out a survey including a question if they would recruit a mum for a position in their business
- taken a test on their knowledge of employee rights
8. Likert items should be monotone, meaning that respondents
- cannot be unsure about their response to the item
- are consistently more likely to agree with the item if they possess the property to a greater degree
- cannot have both negative and positive reactions to the item
9. Consistently concealing your true opinion by using the midpoint of the scale
1 point
- introduces a generosity error and is called bias towards the middle
- introduces random error and is called acquiescence
- introduces systematic error and is called bias towards the middle
10. Hair cortisol (a hormone made by the adrenal glands) levels are being used as a chronic stress measure. This illustrate the use of
- physical measures
- trace measures
- observational measures
Peer-graded Assignment: Measurement – Writing Assignment (Creative)
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Measurement – Writing Assignment (Creative) |
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Week- 5
Sampling
1. In directed imagery tasks participants listen to a particular scenario and are instructed to picture the situation, the people, and the events as clearly and as vividly as they can. A researcher could ask participants how realistic they found such scenarios in order to check
- the external validity of the task
- whether the use of an experimental setting that does not mirror reality precisely was justified
- whether reactivity to the laboratory setting occurred
2. Strata are
- distinct subsets in the population defined by a stratification variable
- all the elements in a population that can be individually identified
- all the elements in a sampling frame
3. Opinion polls attempt to measure public opinion. Poll results can accurately reflect the attitudes in the population if
- the sample is large enough and based on self-selection
- the poll is based on probability sampling
- the sample is large enough and consists of volunteer respondents
4. Systematic sampling may be used instead of simple random sampling if
- the sample size is large
- we are unaware of a pattern in the list of elements
- the list of elements is ordered randomly
5. The loss in precision is usually far outweighed by the reduced cost. This applies to
- stratified sampling
- random sampling
- cluster sampling
6. A researcher approaches the first visitor entering a mall and asks if he or she is willing to participate in a study on aging and depression. He approaches the next visitor, followed by the next, and so on. This is
- convenience sampling
- quota sampling
- purposive sampling
7. As the size of a random sample increases, the amount of sampling error
- remains the same
- decreases
- increases
8. Using the same sample frame, a random sample of 500 voters were interviewed by telephone and a second random sample of 500 voters answered the same set of questions by filling out a web survey. A systematic difference in polls results can be due to
- an incomplete or inaccurate sampling frame
- differences in non-sampling error between the two samples
- the amount of sampling error between the two samples
9. To decide the optimal sample size, one needs to consider
- the variability in the population
- the variability in the population and the margin of error that one is willing to accept
- the size of the population
Peer-graded Assignment: Sampling – Writing assignment (Evaluative)
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Sampling – Writing assignment (Evaluative) |
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Week- 6
Practice, Ethics & Integrity
1. The method section of a research report
- summarizes the data collection procedure and the planned statistical analyses
- provides information on the measurement materials
- describes in full every detail of the research design and analyses
2. In the codebook the researcher
- provides all statistical and data manipulation information
- specifies the programs that will recognize the data file format
- specifies what variables were entered into the data file and defines the numeric codes for each variable
3. Research integrity encompasses
- adherence to rules made by the scientific community
- good documentation and researchers’ striving for excellence
- protecting the welfare of participants but also the integrity of the scientific process
4. A recent study in which Facebook users’ moods were manipulated has raised ethical concerns. In defense of the researchers someone states that the effect of the manipulation was minimal and that therefore very little harm was done. This statement pertains to
- the ethical principle of justice
- the ethical principle of beneficence
- the ethical principle of respect
5. A researcher continues to believe in an effect regardless of strong evidence to the contrary. In addition, he refuses to respond to critique. This is an example of
- a violation of the principle of objectivity
- self-plagiarism
- a conflict of interests
6. Suppose you have conducted an experiment on 20 subjects. The results are disappointing in that the hypothesized difference between conditions is not significant (a p value of .08). Given this unfavorable result you decide to run 20 more subjects. This is a questionable research practice because
- the decision to collect more data should not be conditional upon obtaining a (non-) significant finding
- the hypothesized difference does not follow from a substantial theory
- you should have used a power calculation to decide on the number of participants needed
7. Published articles should ideally be
- chosen only if they show confirmatory results
- subjected to peer review
- revised multiple times
8. Proposed solutions to publication bias include
- publishing in open access journals
- preregistration and pre-acceptance of the hypothesis and research setup
- making the data and analyses publicly available
Peer-graded Assignment: Practice, Ethics & Integrity – Writing assignment (Creative)
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Practice, Ethics & Integrity – Writing assignment (Creative) |
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Week- 7
Practice Exam 1 – immediate feedback
1. This is a practice exam, to prepare yourself for the final exam. You can take this exam as many times as you like, the score will not count towards your final grade. To pass the exam you need a score of 70% (21 out of 30 questions correct).
In the real exam, please make sure your internet connection is good and don’t forget to save your answers from time to time. You can take the final exam only once every 30 days, so make sure you are well prepared!
This practice final exam consists of 30 multiple-choice questions about the research described below. Each question has three answer options, of which only one is correct or most appropriate. If you feel a correct answer option is not provided, then choose the best fitting option.
Please follow the honor code and do not communicate or confer with others taking this exam.
Flipping the classroom
A lecturer at the University of Amsterdam (UvA) wants to investigate the effectiveness of an instructional method called ‘Flipping the Classroom’ (FtC). FtC means that students prepare for class by watching short video lectures online. Subsequently, in the face-to-face, live lectures the subject matter is treated more in-depth, by using interactive assignments, so students will learn more.
The teacher investigates this method with premaster students and regular bachelor students studying Communication Science, who are taking the course Statistics-II together. Under the guise of extra support, four days before each lecture, the premaster students get access to the video recordings of last year’s lecture. They are asked to study these recordings carefully. In the live lecture (for all students) the lecturer only explains the most difficult material, and leaves a lot of time for questions. After this lecture, the premaster students don’t have any access to the recordings anymore. The regular students get access to the recording of the live lecture they attended during four days after the lecture. At the end of the course, all students take the same exam at the same time.
The effectiveness of the ‘standard’ versus the FtC instructional method will be investigated by comparing exam scores (study performance, score range: 1 – 10, interval variable) of the two groups. During the exam a questionnaire is used to measure self-confidence and study motivation (both interval variables with a score range of 10 – 50) and age, gender and the math score obtained in secondary school (on final exams).
Disclaimer: this research is completely made up!
Question 1:
This research is
- correlational
- experimental
- quasi-experimental
2. A manipulation check could consist of checking if
- the lecture videos were indeed studied
- the number of men and women in each group was about the same
- the mean self-confidence scores were about the same in the two groups
3. The independent variable is
- study performance
- instructional method
- type of student (premaster/regular)
4. The most obvious threat to internal validity is
- maturation
- selection
- instrumentation
5. If self-confidence is significantly lower for premaster students, then self-confidence is a
- constant
- confounder
- independent variable
6. The dependent variable is
- study performance
- self-confidence
- instructional method
7. This research has the following design:
- static group comparison
- randomized pretest posttest design
- pretest posttest non-equivalent control group
8. The external validity of this study benefits from the fact that
- all students study Communication Science
- both male and female students participated
- Neither
9. The sample is (most likely) a
- quota sample
- purposive sample
- convenience sample
10. Suppose the effect of the instructional method and gender on study performance was investigated factorially, then how many main effects can be investigated?
- 1
- 2
- 3
11. If a researcher maintains that the not-directly observable trait of study motivation can be useful in scientific claims, then this researcher is not a
- logical-positivist (like Schlick)
- scientific realist (like Galileo)
- empirical constructivist (like Van Fraassen)
12. Suppose that FtC does not result in better study performance, but does result in higher study motivation. As a consequence, the researcher changes the research question and hypothesis and presents the study as a study on the effect of FtC on study motivation. This is called
- harking
- p-hacking
- cherry picking
13. This study has the following design:
- within
- between
- within and between
14. The only threat to internal validity which could not provide an alternative explanation for the expected results in this study is
- dropout
- history
- testing (sensitization)
15. A control variable in this study is
- study performance
- study motivation
- instructional method
16. The ecological validity in this study is fairly good, because it was performed
- on actual students
- in a natural educational setting
- both
17. A randomization-check could consist of checking if
- the video lectures were really studied afterwards
- study performance on the exam was about the same in the two groups
- mean age in the two groups was approximately the same
18. Suppose that study performance is mainly determined by reading skill instead of understanding of the course material. This is bad for the
- internal validity
- construct validity
- both
19. Instructional method is a
- control variable
- experimental variable
- individual differences variable
20. In this study random sampling can only be carried out in practice when the population exists of
- students
- people who follow an education
- UvA-students who are enrolled in 2014-2015
21. Considering the benefits (knowledge about the effectiveness of FtC) and disadvantages (possible lowering of study performance of one group of students) falls under the ethical aspect of
- respect
- beneficence
- justice
22. If a researcher holds that it is impossible to know or measure how much self-confidence someone really has, then this is an objection of
- an ontological nature
- an epistemological nature
- neither
23. a. ‘Studying material beforehand will lead to better study performance’
b. ‘My live lectures seem more useful when students are well prepared’
c. The mean result for Statistics-II will be higher for students who were instructed via FtC, than the mean of students who received regular instruction’
The three statements above consecutively belong the following phases of the empirical cycle:
- deduction – induction – observation
- deduction – observation – induction
- induction – observation – deduction
24. If a student responds with ‘totally disagree’ to all items on the study motivation-scale, not considering the content of the items, we call this
- acquiescence
- social desirability bias
- ‘bad participant’-behavior
25. Suppose that the research hypothesis is confirmed by the results. Our confidence in the effectiveness of FtC is strengthened most by
- replication
- peer-review
- meta-analysis
26. The researcher wants to know whether students’ motivation is measured validly. The scores on the study motivation scale are compared with the scores on the Amsterdam Study Motivation Scale (ASMS), a widely used tool during enrollment for the study of all students. The correlation between study motivation measured in the present study and the ASMS-score concerns
- predictive validity
- ‘concurrent’ validity
- convergent validity
27. Self-confidence is a
- formative variable
- experimental variable
- individual-differences variable
28. The measurement level of the variable instructional method is
- interval
- ordinal
- nominal
29. Suppose the researcher finds the following descriptive statistics for the variable study motivation:
Descriptive Statistic Value
number of participants 126
number of missing values 0
minimum value -1
maximum value 50
mean 30.7
standard deviation 12.3
The most probable error is
- a data-entry error
- a computational error
- misspecification of missing values
30. Suppose we find a mean study performance score of 6.28 (84 students, sd = 0.85) in the regular group and a mean of 6.61 in the FtC group (42 students, sd = 1.66). A higher score indicates a better performance. If you consider only the direction of the difference between the groups (don’t worry about the size or significance of the difference) then the results
- cannot be said to agree or disagree with the expectations
- agree with the researcher’s expectations
- disagree with the researcher’s expectations
Practice Exam 2 – feedback in screencasts
1. The described research study is
- correlational
- experimental
- quasi-experimental
2. The lecturer could have performed a manipulation-check by checking if
- the students opened and read the emails
- engagement was the same between groups at the end of the course
- engagement was the same between groups at the beginning of the course
3. The independent variable is
- engagement
- type of feedback
- type of student (premaster/bachelor)
4. The research design aims to prevent a threat to internal validity caused by
- maturation
- selection
- both
5. Suppose the engagement questionnaire is very unreliable. As a result, an estimate of the following type of validity will be low
- construct validity
- ecological validity
- confirmative validity
6. The dependent variable is
- engagement
- type of feedback
- type of student (premaster/bachelor)
7. This research has the following design
- randomized two group design
- randomized pretest posttest design
- pretest posttest non-equivalent control group design
8. The external validity could have been improved by using
- random multi-stage cluster sampling
- stratified quota sampling
- neither
9. If the sample would have been twice as large, then the margin of error would have been
- larger
- smaller
- unaffected
10. If the lecturer does not document the study in enough detail, then this compromizes
- transparency
- logical consistency
- empirical testability
11. The lecturer holds that the property engagement really exists, independent of human thought, and that knowledge about students’ engagement is best acquired through measurement, for example by using a questionnaire. The lecturer is not
- a rationalist
- an idealist
- both
12. Suppose the expected effect occurs only for premaster students. The lecturer reports the result of this group of participants alone. We call this
- harking
- data snooping
- cherry picking
13. Suppose the lecturer decides to add the variable sex to the described research design as an independent variable. The design is then called
- factorial
- within-subjects
- within-between subjects
14. Possible threats to internal validity, against which the described research design does not protect, are
- mortality
- history
- both
15. Suppose that in the population of women, the variation in engagement scores is greater than in the population of men. Suppose we take a sample of men and a sample of women of equal size. Compared with the men, the precision of the estimation of mean engagement for women is expected to be
- greater
- smaller
- the same
16. The lecturer could have approached the research question qualitatively by assessing engagement using
- a structured interview
- an open interview
- neither
17. The lecturer could have performed a randomization-check by checking if
- the comparative feedback was accurate
- engagement was the same between groups at the end of the course
- engagement was the same between groups at the beginning of the course
18. Suppose the exam grade does not give a good indication of knowledge of statistics. This is firstly a problem for the
- external validity of the study
- construct validity of the exam
- internal validity of the research hypothesis
19. In fundamental research the most important type of validity is
- internal validity
- external validity
- ecological validity
20. The most obvious threat to external validity in this study is
- history
- selection
- reactivity (setting)
21. What ethical aspect is definitely violated in this study?
- justice
- respect
- beneficence
22. Suppose the lecturer does not find the expected result. She decides not to reject the hypothesis yet, but to reject the assumption of valid and reliable measurement of engagement instead. This approach was critically discussed by
- Kuhn
- Quine
- Popper
23. The choice to measure engagement with a questionnaire (instead of, for example, by using observation) is associated with the following phase in the empirical cycle
- testing
- induction
- deduction
24. If an item from the engagement questionnaire is considered to be applicable by highly engaged students but also by highly unengaged students, then this item is not
- monotone
- polytomous
- dichotomous
25. Suppose the research hypothesis is not confirmed by the results and the lecturer decides not to publish the research for that reason. This is an example of
- publication bias
- replication failure
- the file-drawer problem
26. If the engagement questionnaire is very unreliable, then the next time any particular student completes the questionnaire the new engagement score is expected to differ from the original score
- by a small degree
- by a large degree
- not at all
27. Type of student (premaster/bachelor) is a
- monotone variable
- experimental variable
- individual-differences variable
28. The measurement level of the variable educational degree is
- ordinal
- interval
- nominal
29. Consider the following results for the variable sex:
Descriptive Statistics Value
Number of respondents 115
Number of missing values 4
Minimum value 1
Maximum value 3
Indicate what the most likely error is
- a (re)coding error
- a data entry error
- missing values were misspecified
30. The benefit of a syntax-file, amongst other things, is documentation of
- all (statistical) operations performed on the data
- all the materials used in the research study
- both
Peer-graded Assignment: Final Writing Assignment – (Evaluative)
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Week- 8
Final Exam
1. This is the final exam which will contribute significantly to your final grade. Please make sure you have a good internet connection and don’t forget to save your answers from time to time. You can take this exam only once every 30 days, so please make sure you are well prepared!
To pass the exam you need a score of 70% (21 out of 30 questions correct). You can take this exam only once a month, so make sure you are well prepared!
This final exam consists of 30 multiple-choice questions about the research described below. Each question has three answer options, of which only one is correct or most appropriate. If you feel a correct answer option is not provided, then choose the best fitting option.
Please follow the honor code and do not communicate or confer with others taking this exam.
English vs. Dutch
The Communication Sciences department at the University of Amsterdam is considering offering the existing Dutch bachelor program in English. Some teachers fear that this will cause the educational quality of the program to deteriorate. They point to studies that show that students who study abroad need more time to complete a program. A researcher who is interested in the relationship between language skills and academic achievement, decides to use this opportunity to explore the general hypothesis that education in a foreign language has a negative influence on academic achievement.
The researcher approaches the lecturers of the first two courses in the first semester, ‘Introduction’ and ‘History’. She persuades the lecturers to deliver the lectures and seminars (group meetings) twice, once in Dutch and once in English. At the start of the semester, students choose if they wanted to follow both courses either in English, or in Dutch. Students are also asked for permission to use their academic results for research purposes.
To assess the effect of the language of instruction on academic achievement, the researcher measures students’ knowledge of the material twice, once with an exam at the start of the course and once at the end. These are all different, old exams that have previously shown high psychometric quality.
Besides academic performance (average exam grade on the final exam, range 1-10), students are asked to fill out a separate online survey to indicate their age (in years), gender (male / female), secondary education final exam score in English (grade, range 1-10) and overall satisfaction with the courses ‘Introduction’ and ‘History’ (mean sum score of 4 Likert items, range 4-20).
Disclaimer: This research is completely fabricated!
1 The described study is
- correlational
- experimental
- quasi-experimental
2. The researcher could have conducted a manipulation-check by checking if the
- mean final exam grade in English was similar between groups
- mean performance on the first exam was the same between groups
- discussions in the English speaking group were really conducted in English
3. The independent variable is
- gender
- language of instruction
- final exam score in English
4. The described research design is especially useful to assess threats to internal validity by
- maturation
- selection
- neither
5.
Question 5
If the reliability of the overall satisfaction questions is very high, then their validity will be
- high
- low
- not necessarily high or low
6. The dependent variable in this study is
- age
- academic achievement
- overall satisfaction (with the courses)
7. The design of this study is called a
- Solomon pretest posttest design
- randomized pretest posttest design
- pretest posttest non-equivalent control group design
8. External validity could have been enhanced by using a
- quota sample
- random sample
- convenience sample
9. If we don’t take into account the average exam grade at the start of the course, the described research design may be called
- within (subjects)
- between (subjects)
- within-between (subjects)
10. The variable most appropriate to be used as a control variable is
- age
- overall satisfaction
- final exam grade in English
11. The described research design is, in terms of epistemologic approach, most compatible with
- realism
- empiricism
- neither
12. The best randomization check the researcher could have performed would be to check whether
- the average final exam grade in English was similar between groups
- academic achievement was the same between groups at the start of the study
- both
13. Suppose the researcher decides to add gender to the described design as an independent variable. The effects that can be analyzed are
- one main effect and one interaction effect
- two main effects and one interaction effect
- two main effects and two interaction effects
14. The internal validity of the described research design is threatened most strongly by
- testing
- selection
- instrumentation
15. Suppose the research hypothesis is not confirmed, and for that reason the study is not accepted for publication by scientific journals. This is an example of
- publication bias
- falsification error
- replication failure
16. Overall satisfaction (with the courses) is
- a constructive variable
- an experimental variable
- an individual difference variable
17. The measurement level of the variable ‘language of instruction’ is
- interval
- ordinal
- nominal
18. a. “Research shows that students who study abroad need more time to complete their studies”
b. “Teaching a foreign language will lead to lower academic performance than education in the native language”
c. “The average final exam grade for the courses ‘Introduction’ and ‘History’ will be lower in the group that was taught in English than in the group was taught in Dutch”
The previous three statements a, b and c respectively belong to the following stages of the empirical cycle
- observation – induction – deduction
- deduction – induction – observation
- deduction – observation – induction
19. Suppose the items in the online questionnaire really do give a good indication of student satisfaction with the courses. In that case, we say the questionnaire has high
- construct validity
- predictive validity
- ecological validity
20. If students behave differently because they are aware of their participation in a study, we call this
- a Pygmalion effect
- demand characteristics
- “bad participant” behavior
21. Suppose the Ethics Committee evaluates the described research and decides that the benefits do not outweigh the costs. Which ethical aspect do they regard to be violated?
- respect
- justice
- beneficence
22. If a researcher believes that the nature of reality is not independent of our thinking, then this is primarily an objection of
- an epistemological nature
- an ontological nature
- both
23. The measurement level of variables like exam grade and final exam grade in English is highly debated, generally researchers will accept that these variables approximate the
- ratio level, but strictly speaking are measured at the interval level
- interval level, but strictly speaking are measured at the ordinal level
- ordinal level, but strictly speaking are measured at the nominal level
24. Suppose the researcher finds: a) that there are relatively more women in the English group than in the Dutch group and b) that on average women perform equally well in the final examinations. In this case, we call gender
- a confounding variable
- a lurking variable
- neither
25. One method to evaluate the validity of a measurement instrument like exam grade or the overall course satisfaction items is the
- purposive validation approach
- multi-stage clustering approach
- multi-trait multi-method matrix approach
26. Suppose you have determined – through psychometric analysis – that the final exam of the course “Introduction” has high construct validity. On the basis of this information, you can say that the reliability of this exam
- cannot be determined
- is probably low
- is probably high
27. The ecological validity of this study is high because the
- instruments measure what they are intended to measure
- research setting resembles a natural educational setting
- sample (almost all first year students Communication Sciences) is large
28. Suppose the researcher had initially planned to use the results of the final exams as well as the resits (retake exam if the final exam was not passed). However, she notices immediately after the final exams that the results are in line with the expectations. The researcher decides to offer the data for publication immediately and no longer waits for the results of the resits. This is called
- harking
- data snooping
- cherry picking
29. A codebook includes a description of
- what the variables and variable values in the data file mean
- the (statistical) operations that are performed on the data
- both
30. Suppose that there is no difference between the two groups in the mean grade for the exams at the start of the semester. Now look at the following table that shows the mean grade for the final exams for both groups.
Results for mean final exam grade:
Language of instruction N missing mean sd
English 79 3 6.56 1.27
Dutch 119 4 6.11 2.14
Look only at the direction of the difference between these means (not the size or significance). The direction of the difference is
- not possible to estimate
- in accordance with the expectations
- contrary to the expectations
Conclusion
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